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Based on the evidence-of-principle experiment, the conversion efficiency of 23% implied the opportunity of achieving superior-energy at the second Stokes wavelength in the Raman laser. In case the pump laser of 1078 nm might be attained at the standard power of fifty W, the output electric power of its 2nd Stokes wavelength at 1512 nm could be more than ten W. The design with the Raman laser cavity ought to be optimized as a way to stay away from the hurt of your M1 and diamond floor.
For instance, The existing concave OC could get replaced by a plane mirror which could mitigate the facility density around the surface of M1 as well as diamond. Additionally, working with substantial harm threshold coatings for M1 and diamond would also Increase the output energy with none damages. Then, the NIR laser in the 2nd Stokes wavelength may very well be higher ample, and also its excellent beam top quality, to deliver the ultimate DUV laser at 193 nm that has a superior common electrical power.
On the other hand, the beam good quality of this increased ability DUV laser would grow to be worse as a result of extra really serious thermal and nonlinear consequences. Hence, the frequency conversion processes must be meticulously created to mitigate the aforementioned results. As a result, a superior-power DUV laser at the FHG of 1 μm with a superb beam top quality may very well be attained and will be effective for acquiring the shorter wavelength DUV lasers for example 193 nm by SFG.
LBO is likewise a great nonlinear crystal which is usually placed on the SHG from the NIR to your eco-friendly. The DUV laser is often understood by two levels of SFG from the LBO crystals since there is absolutely no section-matching angle for LBO to transform the inexperienced laser at 515 nm or 532 nm into the DUV specifically by SHG [16]. Not long ago, the NSBBF crystal has also revealed its prospective to acquire a large conversion efficiency from 532 nm to 266 nm. The wander-off angle and deff from the NSBBF are almost just like those of CLBO [17].
On the other facet, the ability scaling in the NIR laser is another component to raise the ordinary energy on the 193-nm DUV laser. Due to the insufficient the superior-power amplification solution in the NIR laser (for example at 1553 nm), nonlinear frequency processes including optical parameter oscillation (OPO) can be CLBO Crystal applied to establish a wavelength converter by shifting the wavelength from 1 μm to the desired wavelength and obtaining relative larger electric power [21]. A short while ago, a diamond Raman laser showed its ability in reaching a large energy along with a higher conversion performance for the 1st Stokes in the one-μm laser [22,23], which implies the chance for being applied in the 193-nm DUV laser era as a consequence of its significant Raman achieve and enormous frequency shift.
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In addition, combining the good-condition laser with other nonlinear process for instance stimulated Raman scattering, NIR lasers can be accomplished at new wavelengths with substantial ability and substantial beam high quality, which was examined via the proof-of-principle experiment. This Raman laser scheme gives a fresh route to the substantial-electric power DUV laser, Primarily at the wavelength of 193 nm.
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The conversion efficiency from elementary NIR to DUV is from five% to 36% based on the reported brings about Table one. Rising the conversion efficiency will lessen the burden on the design and setup of the basic laser amplifier together with the electric electric power usage. A good beam excellent of the fundamental laser can even contribute into the escalating of your conversion efficiency and also the suitable power intensity in the NIR and environmentally friendly laser in the SHG and FHG approach, respectively. The best conversion efficiencies from NIR to environmentally friendly and environmentally friendly to DUV laser by use of CLBO crystal are 70% and close to 50%, respectively [12], which corresponds for the conversion effectiveness of 35% from elementary to DUV.
The event on the 193-nm laser was shown by levels of SFG. In order to scale the DUV laser ability properly, a completely new thought in the 193-nm DUV laser era is presented according to the diamond Raman laser.